Acetic acid-capped estolide base oils and methods of making the same

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compounds, including those of the Formula II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R 2 , is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R 3 , and R 4 , independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided are compositions containing such compounds and methods of making both compounds and compositions thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/378,891, filed Aug. 31, 2010, andU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/498,499, filed Jun. 17, 2011,both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety forall purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

The subject of this invention was made with support under U.S.Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service CooperativeResearch and Development Agreement (CRADA) Nos. 58-3K95-1-1508-M and58-3K95-6-1147. Accordingly, the government may have certain rights inthis invention.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to acetic acid-capped estolides andmethods of making the same. The estolides described herein may besuitable for use as biodegradable oil base stocks and lubricants.

BACKGROUND

Synthetic esters such as polyol esters and adipates, low viscosity polyalpha olefins (PAO) such as PAO 2, and vegetable oils such as canola oiland oleates have been described for use industrially as biodegradablebase stocks to formulate lubricants. Such base stocks may be used in theproduction of lubricating oils for automotives, industrial lubricants,and lubricating greases. Finished lubricants typically comprise the baseoil and additives to help achieve the desired viscometric properties,low temperature behavior, oxidative stability, corrosion protection,demulsibility and water rejection, friction coefficients, lubricities,wear protection, air release, color and other properties. However, it isgenerally understood that biodegradability cannot be improved by usingcommon additives that are available in today's marketplace. Forenvironmental, economical, and regulatory reasons, it is of interest toproduce biodegradable lubricating oils, other biodegradable lubricants,and compositions including lubricating oils and/or lubricants, fromrenewable sources of biological origin.

Estolides present a potential source of biobased, biodegradable oilsthat may be useful as lubricants and base stocks. Several estolidesynthetic processes have been previously described, such as thehomopolymerization of castor oil fatty acids or 12-hydroxystearic acidunder thermal or acid catalyzed conditions, as well as the production ofestolides from unsaturated fatty acids using a high temperature andpressure condensation over clay catalysts. Processes for the enzymaticproduction of estolides from hydroxy fatty acids present in castor oilusing lipase have also been described.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,063, Isbell et al. described estolide compoundsderived from oleic acids under acidic conditions and having propertiesfor use as lubricant base stocks, wherein the “capping” fatty acidcomprises oleic or stearic acid. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,649, Cermak etal. reported estolides derived from oleic acids and having cappingmaterials derived from C₆ to C₁₄ fatty acids. Neither Isbell et al. norCermek et al., however, describes the preparation of estolidescomprising C₂ fatty acid capping materials.

SUMMARY

Described herein are estolide compounds, estolide-containingcompositions, and methods of making the same. In certain embodiments,such compounds and/or compositions may be useful as base oils andlubricants. In certain embodiments, the estolides comprise at least onecompound of Formula I:

-   -   wherein    -   x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected        from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,        17, 18, 19, and 20;    -   y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected        from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,        17, 18, 19, and 20;    -   n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,        and 12; and    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl        that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;    -   wherein each fatty acid chain residue of said at least one        compound is independently optionally substituted.

In certain embodiments, the estolide compounds comprise at least onecompound of Formula II:

-   -   wherein    -   n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,        and 12;    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl        that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;        and    -   R₃ and R₄, independently for each occurrence, are selected from        optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated,        and branched or unbranched.

In certain embodiments, the estolide compounds comprise at least onecompound of Formula III:

-   -   wherein    -   x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected        from 0 to 20;    -   y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected        from 0 to 20;    -   n is an integer greater than or equal to 1; and    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl        that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;    -   wherein each fatty acid chain residue of said at least one        compound is independently optionally substituted.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used in the present specification, the following words, phrases andsymbols are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below,except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicatesotherwise. The following abbreviations and terms have the indicatedmeanings throughout:

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used toindicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —C(O)NH₂is attached through the carbon atom.

“Alkoxy” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—OR⁻ where R⁻ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl,which can be substituted, as defined herein. In some embodiments, alkoxygroups have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxy groupshave 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Examples of alkoxy groupsinclude, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy,cyclohexyloxy, and the like.

“Alkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to asaturated or unsaturated, branched, or straight-chain monovalenthydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from asingle carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene, or alkyne. Examples ofalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such asethanyl, ethenyl, and ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl,prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), prop-1-yn-1-yl,prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl,2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, but-1-en-1-yl,but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl,buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl,but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “alkyl” is specifically intended toinclude groups having any degree or level of saturation, i.e., groupshaving exclusively single carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or moredouble carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more triplecarbon-carbon bonds, and groups having mixtures of single, double, andtriple carbon-carbon bonds. Where a specific level of saturation isintended, the terms “alkanyl,” “alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” are used. Incertain embodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 40 carbon atoms,in certain embodiments, from 1 to 22 or 1 to 18 carbon atoms, in certainembodiments, from 1 to 16 or 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and in certainembodiments from 1 to 6 or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments,an alkyl group comprises from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, in certainembodiments, from 8 to 18 or 8 to 16. In some embodiments, the alkylgroup comprises from 3 to 20 or 7 to 17 carbons. In some embodiments,the alkyl group comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 carbon atoms.

“Aryl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to amonovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ringsystem. Aryl encompasses 5- and 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic rings,for example, benzene; bicyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring iscarbocyclic and aromatic, for example, naphthalene, indane, andtetralin; and tricyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring iscarbocyclic and aromatic, for example, fluorene. Aryl encompassesmultiple ring systems having at least one carbocyclic aromatic ringfused to at least one carbocyclic aromatic ring, cycloalkyl ring, orheterocycloalkyl ring. For example, aryl includes 5- and 6-memberedcarbocyclic aromatic rings fused to a 5- to 7-membered non-aromaticheterocycloalkyl ring containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N,O, and S. For such fused, bicyclic ring systems wherein only one of therings is a carbocyclic aromatic ring, the point of attachment may be atthe carbocyclic aromatic ring or the heterocycloalkyl ring. Examples ofaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived fromaceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene,benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene,hexaphene, hexylene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene,naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene,pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene,picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene,trinaphthalene, and the like. In certain embodiments, an aryl group cancomprise from 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and in certain embodiments, from 5to 12 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an aryl group can comprise5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbonatoms. Aryl, however, does not encompass or overlap in any way withheteroaryl, separately defined herein. Hence, a multiple ring system inwhich one or more carbocyclic aromatic rings is fused to aheterocycloalkyl aromatic ring, is heteroaryl, not aryl, as definedherein.

“Arylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anacyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced withan aryl group. Examples of arylalkyl groups include, but are not limitedto, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl,2-naphthylethan-1-yl, 2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl,2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl, and the like. Where specific alkyl moietiesare intended, the nomenclature arylalkanyl, arylalkenyl, or arylalkynylis used. In certain embodiments, an arylalkyl group is C₇₋₃₀ arylalkyl,e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group isC₁₋₁₀ and the aryl moiety is C₆₋₂₀, and in certain embodiments, anarylalkyl group is C₇₋₂₀ arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, oralkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is C₁₋₈ and the aryl moiety isC₆₋₁₂.

Estolide “base oil” and “base stock”, unless otherwise indicated, referto any composition comprising one or more estolide compounds. It shouldbe understood that an estolide “base oil” or “base stock” is not limitedto compositions for a particular use, and may generally refer tocompositions comprising one or more estolides, including mixtures ofestolides. Estolide base oils and base stocks can also include compoundsother than estolides.

“Compounds” refers to compounds encompassed by structural Formula I, II,and III herein and includes any specific compounds within the formulawhose structure is disclosed herein. Compounds may be identified eitherby their chemical structure and/or chemical name. When the chemicalstructure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure isdeterminative of the identity of the compound. The compounds describedherein may contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds andtherefore may exist as stereoisomers such as double-bond isomers (i.e.,geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers. Accordingly, anychemical structures within the scope of the specification depicted, inwhole or in part, with a relative configuration encompass all possibleenantiomers and stereoisomers of the illustrated compounds including thestereoisomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomericallypure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomericmixtures. Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures may be resolved intotheir component enantiomers or stereoisomers using separation techniquesor chiral synthesis techniques well known to the skilled artisan.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, “chiral compounds” arecompounds having at least one center of chirality (i.e. at least oneasymmetric atom, in particular at least one asymmetric C atom), havingan axis of chirality, a plane of chirality or a screw structure.“Achiral compounds” are compounds which are not chiral.

Compounds of Formula I, II, and III include, but are not limited to,optical isomers of compounds of Formula I, II, and III, racematesthereof, and other mixtures thereof. In such embodiments, the singleenantiomers or diastereomers, i.e., optically active forms, can beobtained by asymmetric synthesis or by resolution of the racemates.Resolution of the racemates may be accomplished by, for example,chromatography, using, for example a chiral high-pressure liquidchromatography (HPLC) column. However, unless otherwise stated, itshould be assumed that Formula I, II, and III cover all asymmetricvariants of the compounds described herein, including isomers,racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, and other mixtures thereof. Inaddition, compounds of Formula I, II, and III include Z- and E-forms(e.g., cis- and trans-forms) of compounds with double bonds. Thecompounds of Formula I, II, and III may also exist in several tautomericforms including the enol form, the keto form, and mixtures thereof.Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted herein encompass allpossible tautomeric forms of the illustrated compounds.

“Cycloalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to asaturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical. Where a specific level ofsaturation is intended, the nomenclature “cycloalkanyl” or“cycloalkenyl” is used. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but arenot limited to, groups derived from cyclopropane, cyclobutane,cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like. In certain embodiments, acycloalkyl group is C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, and in certain embodiments, C₃₋₁₂cycloalkyl or C₅₋₁₂ cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, a cycloalkylgroup is a C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄, or C₁₅cycloalkyl.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toan acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced with acycloalkyl group. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, thenomenclature cycloalkylalkanyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, or cycloalkylalkynylis used. In certain embodiments, a cycloalkylalkyl group is C₇₋₃₀cycloalkylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl moiety of thecycloalkylalkyl group is C₁₋₁₀ and the cycloalkyl moiety is C₆₋₂₀, andin certain embodiments, a cycloalkylalkyl group is C₇₋₂₀cycloalkylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl moiety of thecycloalkylalkyl group is C₁₋₈ and the cycloalkyl moiety is C₄₋₂₀ orC₆₋₁₂.

“Halogen” refers to a fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo group.

“Heteroaryl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to amonovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogenatom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring system.Heteroaryl encompasses multiple ring systems having at least onearomatic ring fused to at least one other ring, which can be aromatic ornon-aromatic in which at least one ring atom is a heteroatom. Heteroarylencompasses 5- to 12-membered aromatic, such as 5- to 7-membered,monocyclic rings containing one or more, for example, from 1 to 4, or incertain embodiments, from 1 to 3, heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S,with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; and bicyclicheterocycloalkyl rings containing one or more, for example, from 1 to 4,or in certain embodiments, from 1 to 3, heteroatoms chosen from N, O,and S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon and wherein at leastone heteroatom is present in an aromatic ring. For example, heteroarylincludes a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aromatic ring fused to a5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl ring. For such fused, bicyclic heteroarylring systems wherein only one of the rings contains one or moreheteroatoms, the point of attachment may be at the heteroaromatic ringor the cycloalkyl ring. In certain embodiments, when the total number ofN, S, and O atoms in the heteroaryl group exceeds one, the heteroatomsare not adjacent to one another. In certain embodiments, the totalnumber of N, S, and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more thantwo. In certain embodiments, the total number of N, S, and O atoms inthe aromatic heterocycle is not more than one. Heteroaryl does notencompass or overlap with aryl as defined herein.

Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groupsderived from acridine, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane,chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline,indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline,isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole,oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine,phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine,pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline,quinolizine, quinoxaline, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene,triazole, xanthene, and the like. In certain embodiments, a heteroarylgroup is from 5- to 20-membered heteroaryl, and in certain embodimentsfrom 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl or from 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.In certain embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-,11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, or 20-membered heteroaryl.In certain embodiments heteroaryl groups are those derived fromthiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, indole, pyridine,quinoline, imidazole, oxazole, and pyrazine.

“Heteroarylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toan acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced with aheteroaryl group. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, thenomenclature heteroarylalkanyl, heteroarylalkenyl, or heteroarylalkynylis used. In certain embodiments, a heteroarylalkyl group is a 6- to30-membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, or alkynylmoiety of the heteroarylalkyl is 1- to 10-membered and the heteroarylmoiety is a 5- to 20-membered heteroaryl, and in certain embodiments, 6-to 20-membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, or alkynylmoiety of the heteroarylalkyl is 1- to 8-membered and the heteroarylmoiety is a 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl.

“Heterocycloalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toa partially saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical in which oneor more carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) areindependently replaced with the same or different heteroatom. Examplesof heteroatoms to replace the carbon atom(s) include, but are notlimited to, N, P, O, S, Si, etc. Where a specific level of saturation isintended, the nomenclature “heterocycloalkanyl” or “heterocycloalkenyl”is used. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are notlimited to, groups derived from epoxides, azirines, thiiranes,imidazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine,pyrrolidine, quinuclidine, and the like.

“Heterocycloalkylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituentrefers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atomsbonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, isreplaced with a heterocycloalkyl group. Where specific alkyl moietiesare intended, the nomenclature heterocycloalkylalkanyl,heterocycloalkylalkenyl, or heterocycloalkylalkynyl is used. In certainembodiments, a heterocycloalkylalkyl group is a 6- to 30-memberedheterocycloalkylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl moiety ofthe heterocycloalkylalkyl is 1- to 10-membered and the heterocycloalkylmoiety is a 5- to 20-membered heterocycloalkyl, and in certainembodiments, 6- to 20-membered heterocycloalkylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl,alkenyl, or alkynyl moiety of the heterocycloalkylalkyl is 1- to8-membered and the heterocycloalkyl moiety is a 5- to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl.

“Mixture” refers to a collection of molecules or chemical substances.Each component in a mixture can be independently varied. A mixture maycontain, or consist essentially of, two or more substances intermingledwith or without a constant percentage composition, wherein eachcomponent may or may not retain its essential original properties, andwhere molecular phase mixing may or may not occur. In mixtures, thecomponents making up the mixture may or may not remain distinguishablefrom each other by virtue of their chemical structure.

“Parent aromatic ring system” refers to an unsaturated cyclic orpolycyclic ring system having a conjugated π (pi) electron system.Included within the definition of “parent aromatic ring system” arefused ring systems in which one or more of the rings are aromatic andone or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, such as, forexample, fluorene, indane, indene, phenalene, etc. Examples of parentaromatic ring systems include, but are not limited to, aceanthrylene,acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene,chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene,hexylene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene,octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene,pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene,pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene,and the like.

“Parent heteroaromatic ring system” refers to a parent aromatic ringsystem in which one or more carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogenatoms) are independently replaced with the same or different heteroatom.Examples of heteroatoms to replace the carbon atoms include, but are notlimited to, N, P, O, S, Si, etc. Specifically included within thedefinition of “parent heteroaromatic ring systems” are fused ringsystems in which one or more of the rings are aromatic and one or moreof the rings are saturated or unsaturated, such as, for example,arsindole, benzodioxan, benzofuran, chromane, chromene, indole,indoline, xanthene, etc. Examples of parent heteroaromatic ring systemsinclude, but are not limited to, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline,chromane, chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole,indoline, indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole,isoindoline, isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine,oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline,phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole,pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline,quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole,thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and the like.

“Substituted” refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms areindependently replaced with the same or different substituent(s).Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, —R⁶⁴, —R⁶⁰,—O⁻, —OH, ═O, —OR⁶⁰, —SR⁶⁰, —S⁻, ═S, —NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, ═NR⁶⁰, —CN, —CF₃, —OCN,—SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OH, —S(O)₂R⁶⁰, —OS(O₂)O⁻,—OS(O)₂R⁶⁰, —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR⁶⁰)(O⁻), —OP(O)(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁶¹), —C(O)R⁶⁰,—C(S)R⁶⁰, —C(O)OR⁶⁰, —C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —C(O)O⁻, —C(S)OR⁶⁰, —NR⁶²C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹,NR⁶²C(S)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —NR⁶²C(NR⁶³)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —C(NR⁶²)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —S(O)₂, NR⁶⁰R⁶¹,—NR⁶³S(O)₂R⁶⁰, —NR⁶³C(O)R⁶⁰, and —S(O)R⁶⁰;

wherein each —R⁶⁴ is independently a halogen; each R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ areindependently alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, substitutedheterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, orsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, or R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded form a heterocycloalkyl, substitutedheterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl ring, and R⁶²and R⁶³ are independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or substituted heteroarylalkyl,or R⁶² and R⁶³ together with the atom to which they are bonded form oneor more heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, orsubstituted heteroaryl rings;

wherein the “substituted” substituents, as defined above for R⁶⁰, R⁶¹,R⁶², and R⁶³, are substituted with one or more, such as one, two, orthree, groups independently selected from alkyl, -alkyl-OH,—O-haloalkyl, -alkyl-NH₂, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl,heteroarylalkyl, —O⁻, —OH, ═O, —O-alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroarylalkyl,—O-cycloalkyl, —O-heterocycloalkyl, —SH, —S⁻, ═S, —S-alkyl, —S-aryl,—S-heteroarylalkyl, —S-cycloalkyl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, —NH₂, ═NH, —CN,—CF₃, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂, —S(O)₂OH,—OS(O₂)O⁻, —SO₂(alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH(alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(O-alkyl)(O⁻),—OP(O)(O-alkyl)(O-alkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)O(alkyl), —CON(alkyl)(alkyl),—CONH(alkyl), —CONH₂, —C(O)(alkyl), —C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)(haloalkyl),—OC(O)(alkyl), —N(alkyl)(alkyl), —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)(alkylphenyl),—NH(alkylphenyl), —NHC(O)(alkyl), —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(alkyl)C(O)(alkyl),and —N(alkyl)C(O)(phenyl).

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the articles “a,”“an,” and “the” include plural referents unless expressly andunequivocally limited to one referent.

All numerical ranges herein include all numerical values and ranges ofall numerical values within the recited range of numerical values.

The present disclosure relates to estolide compounds, compositions, andmethods of making the same. In certain embodiments, the presentdisclosure relates to biosynthetic estolides having certain desiredviscometric properties, while retaining or even improving otherproperties such as oxidative stability and pour point. In certainembodiments, the present disclosure relates to new methods of preparingestolide compounds exhibiting such properties. The present disclosurealso relates to compositions comprising acetic acid-capped estolides andtheir formulations.

In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least one compoundof Formula I:

-   -   wherein    -   x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected        from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,        17, 18, 19, and 20;    -   y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected        from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,        17, 18, 19, and 20;    -   n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,        and 12; and    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl        that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;    -   wherein each fatty acid chain residue of said at least one        compound is independently optionally substituted.

The terms “chain” or “fatty acid chain” or “fatty acid chain residue,”as used with respect to the estolide compounds of Formula I, II, andIII, refer to one or more of the fatty acid residues incorporated inestolide compounds, e.g., R₃ or R₄ of Formula II, or the structuresrepresented by CH₃(CH₂)_(y)CH(CH₂)_(x)C(O)O— in Formulas I and III.

The acetyl group (CH₃C(O)O—) in Formula I, II, and III at the top ofeach Formula shown is an example of what may be referred to as a “cap”or “capping material,” as it “caps” the top of the estolide. Similarly,the capping group may be an organic acid residue of general formula—OC(O)-alkyl, i.e., a carboxylic acid with an substituted orunsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, and/or branched or unbranchedalkyl as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the “cap” or “cappinggroup” is a fatty acid. In certain embodiments, the capping group,regardless of size, is substituted or unsubstituted, saturated orunsaturated, and/or branched or unbranched. The cap or capping materialmay also be referred to as the primary or alpha (α) chain.

Depending on the manner in which the estolide is synthesized, the cap orcapping group alkyl may be the only alkyl from an organic acid residuein the resulting estolide that is unsaturated. In certain embodiments,it may be desirable to use a saturated organic or fatty-acid cap toincrease the overall saturation of the estolide and/or to increase theresulting estolide's stability. For example, in certain embodiments itmay be desirable to provide a method of providing a saturated cappedestolide by hydrogenating an unsaturated cap using any suitable methodsavailable to those of ordinary skill in the art. Hydrogenation may beused with various sources of the fatty-acid feedstock, which may includemono- and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Without being bound to anyparticular theory, in certain embodiments, hydrogenating the estolidemay help to improve the overall stability of the molecule. However, afully-hydrogenated estolide, such as an estolide with a larger fattyacid cap, may exhibit increased pour point temperatures. In certainembodiments, it may be desirable to offset any loss in desirablepour-point characteristics by using shorter, saturated cappingmaterials.

The R₄C(O)O— of Formula II or structure CH₃(CH₂)_(y)CH(CH₂)_(x)C(O)O— ofFormula I and III serve as the “base” or “base chain residue” of theestolide. Depending on the manner in which the estolide is synthesized,the base organic acid or fatty acid residue may be the only residue thatremains in its free-acid form after the initial synthesis of theestolide. However, in certain embodiments, in an effort to alter orimprove the properties of the estolide, the free acid may be reactedwith any number of substituents. For example, it may be desirable toreact the free acid estolide with alcohols, glycols, amines, or othersuitable reactants to provide the corresponding ester, amide, or otherreaction products. The base or base chain residue may also be referredto as tertiary or gamma (γ) chains.

The R₃C(O)O— of Formula II or the structureCH₃(CH₂)_(y)CH(CH₂)_(x)C(O)O— of Formula I and III are linking residuesthat link the capping material and the base fatty-acid residue. Theremay be any number of linking residues in the estolide, including whenn=0 and the estolide is in its dimer form. Depending on the manner inwhich the estolide is prepared, a linking residue may be a fatty acidand may initially be in an unsaturated form during synthesis. In someembodiments, the estolide will be formed when a catalyst is used toproduce a carbocation at the fatty acid's site of unsaturation, which isfollowed by nucleophilic attack on the carbocation by the carboxylicgroup of another fatty acid. In some embodiments, it may be desirable tohave a linking fatty acid that is monounsaturated so that when the fattyacids link together, all of the sites of unsaturation are eliminated.The linking residue(s) may also be referred to as secondary or beta (β)chains.

In certain embodiments, the cap is an acetyl group, the linkingresidue(s) is one or more fatty acid residues, and the base chainresidue is a fatty acid residue. In certain embodiments, the linkingresidues present in an estolide differ from one another. In certainembodiments, one or more of the linking residues differs from the basechain residue.

As noted above, in certain embodiments, suitable unsaturated fatty acidsfor preparing the estolides may include any mono- or polyunsaturatedfatty acid. For example, monounsaturated fatty acids, along with asuitable catalyst, will form a single carbocation of the addition of asecond fatty acid, whereby a single link between two fatty acids isformed. Suitable monounsaturated fatty acids may include, but are notlimited to, palmitoleic (16:1), vaccenic (18:1), oleic acid (18:1),eicosenoic acid (20:1), erucic acid (22:1), and nervonic acid (24:1). Inaddition, in certain embodiments, polyunsaturated fatty acids may beused to create estolides. Suitable polyunsaturated fatty acids mayinclude, but are not limited to, hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3),alpha-linolenic acid (18:3), stearidonic acid (18:4), eicosatrienoicacid (20:3), eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5),heneicosapentaenoic acid (21:5), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5),docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5),tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6), linoleic acid (18:2), gamma-linoleicacid (18:3), eicosadienoic acid (20:2), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid(20:3), arachidonic acid (20:4), docosadienoic acid (20:2), adrenic acid(22:4), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5), tetracosatetraenoic acid (22:4),tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5), pinolenic acid (18:3), podocarpic acid(20:3), rumenic acid (18:2), alpha-calendic acid (18:3), beta-calendicacid (18:3), jacaric acid (18:3), alpha-eleostearic acid (18:3),beta-eleostearic (18:3), catalpic acid (18:3), punicic acid (18:3),rumelenic acid (18:3), alpha-parinaric acid (18:4), beta-parinaric acid(18:4), and bosseopentaenoic acid (20:5).

The process for preparing the estolide compounds described herein mayinclude the use of any natural or synthetic fatty acid source. However,it may be desirable to source the fatty acids from a renewablebiological feedstock. Suitable starting materials of biological originmay include plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animaloils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, algal oils andmixtures thereof. Other potential fatty acid sources may include wasteand recycled food-grade fats and oils, fats, oils, and waxes obtained bygenetic engineering, fossil fuel based materials and other sources ofthe materials desired.

In some embodiments, the estolide comprises fatty-acid chains of varyinglengths. In some embodiments, x is, independently for each occurrence,an integer selected from 0 to 20, 0 to 18, 0 to 16, 0 to 14, 1 to 12, 1to 10, 2 to 8, 6 to 8, or 4 to 6. In some embodiments, x is,independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 7 and 8. Insome embodiments, x is, independently for each occurrence, an integerselected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, and 20.

In some embodiments, y is, independently for each occurrence, an integerselected from 0 to 20, 0 to 18, 0 to 16, 0 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 10, 2 to8, 6 to 8, or 4 to 6. In some embodiments, y is, independently for eachoccurrence, an integer selected from 7 and 8. In some embodiments, y is,independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20.

In some embodiments, x+y is, independently for each chain, an integerselected from 0 to 40, 0 to 20, 10 to 20, or 12 to 18. In someembodiments, x+y is, independently for each chain, an integer selectedfrom 13 to 15. In some embodiments, x+y is 15. In some embodiments, x+yis, independently for each chain, an integer selected from 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.

In some embodiments, the estolide compound of Formula I, II, and III maycomprise any number of fatty acid residues to form an “n-mer” estolide.For example, the estolide may be in its dimer (n=0), trimer (n=1),tetramer (n=2), pentamer (n=3), hexamer (n=4), heptamer (n=5), octamer(n=6), nonamer (n=7), or decamer (n=8) form. In some embodiments, n isan integer selected from 0 to 20, 0 to 18, 0 to 16, 0 to 14, 0 to 12, 0to 10, 0 to 8, or 0 to 6. In some embodiments, n is an integer selectedfrom 0 to 4. In some embodiments, n is 1, wherein said at least onecompound of Formula I, II, and III comprises the trimer. In someembodiments, n is an integer that is equal to or greater than 1. In someembodiments, n is an integer that is equal to or greater than 10. Insome embodiments, n is an integer selected from 0 to 20. In someembodiments, n is an integer selected from 1 to 12, 1 to 8, or 1 to 4.In some embodiments, n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20.

In some embodiments, R₂ of Formula I, II, or III is an optionallysubstituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched orunbranched. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is a C₁ to C₄₀ alkyl,C₁ to C₂₂ alkyl or C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl groupis selected from C₇ to C₁₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is selectedfrom C₇ alkyl, C₉ alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₃ alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, and C₁₇ alkyl.In some embodiments, R₂ is selected from C₁₃ to C₁₇ alkyl, such as fromC₁₃ alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, and C₁₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is a C₁,C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₆, C₁₇,C₁₈, C₁₉, C₂₀, C₂₁, or C₂₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃ is an optionally substituted alkyl that issaturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. In someembodiments, the alkyl group is a C₁ to C₄₀ alkyl, C₁ to C₂₂ alkyl or C₁to C₁₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is selected from C₇to C₁₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is selected from C₇ alkyl, C₉alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₃ alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, and C₁₇ alkyl. In someembodiments, R₃ is selected from C₁₃ to C₁₇ alkyl, such as from C₁₃alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, and C₁₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is a C₁, C₂,C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₆, C₁₇, C₁₈,C₁₉, C₂₀, C₂₁, or C₂₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₄ is an optionally substituted alkyl that issaturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. In someembodiments, the alkyl group is a C₁ to C₄₀ alkyl, C₁ to C₂₂ alkyl or C₁to C₁₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is selected from C₇to C₁₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is selected from C₇ alkyl, C₉alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₃ alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, and C₁₇ alkyl. In someembodiments, R₄ is selected from C₁₃ to C₁₇ alkyl, such as from C₁₃alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, and C₁₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is a C₁, C₂,C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₆, C₁₇, C₁₈,C₁₉, C₂₀, C₂₁, or C₂₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, the estolides of Formula I, II, and III may be intheir free-acid form, wherein R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ isselected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated orunsaturated, and branched or unbranched. The R₂ residue may comprise anydesired alkyl group, such as those derived from esterification of theestolide with the alcohols identified in the examples herein. In someembodiments, the alkyl group is selected from C₁ to C₄₀, C₁ to C₂₂, C₃to C₂₀, C₁ to C₁₈, or C₆ to C₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ may beselected from C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₈ alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl, C₁₆ alkyl, C₁₈alkyl, and C₂₀ alkyl. For example, R₂ may be branched, such asisopropyl, isobutyl, or 2-ethylhexyl. In some embodiments, R₂ may be alarger alkyl group, branched or unbranched, comprising C₁₂ alkyl, C₁₆alkyl, C₁₈ alkyl, or C₂₀ alkyl. Such groups at the R₂ position may bederived from esterification of the free-acid estolide using the Jarcol™line of alcohols marketed by Jarchem Industries, Inc. of Newark, N.J.,including Jarcol™ I-18CG, I-20, I-12, I-16, I-18T, and 85BJ. In somecases, R₂ may be sourced from certain alcohols to provide branchedalkyls such as isostearyl and isopalmityl. It should be understood thatsuch isopalmityl and isostearyl alkyl groups may cover any branchedvariation of C₁₆ and C₁₈, respectively. For example, the estolidesdescribed herein may comprise highly-branched isopalmityl or isostearylgroups at the R₂ position, derived from the Fineoxocol® line ofisopalmityl and isostearyl alcohols marketed by Nissan Chemical AmericaCorporation of Houston, Tex., including Fineoxocol® 180, 180N, and 1600.Without being bound to any particular theory, in certain embodiments,large, highly-branched alkyl groups (e.g., isopalmityl and isostearyl)at the R₂ position of the estolides can provide at least one way toincrease the lubricant's viscosity, while substantially retaining oreven reducing its pour point.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may comprise amixture of two or more estolide compounds of Formula I, II, and III. Itis possible to characterize the chemical makeup of an estolide, amixture of estolides, or a composition comprising estolides by using thecompound's, mixtures's, or composition's, measured estolide number (EN).The EN of an estolide represents the average number of fatty acids addedto the base fatty acid. The EN also represents the average number ofestolide linkages per molecule:

EN=n+1

wherein n is the number of secondary (β) fatty acids. Accordingly, asingle estolide compound will have an EN that is a whole number, forexample for dimers, trimers, and tetramers:

dimer EN=1

trimer EN=2

tetramer EN=3

However, a composition comprising two or more estolide compounds mayhave an EN that is a whole number or a fraction of a whole number. Forexample, a composition having a 1:1 molar ratio of dimer and trimerwould have an EN of 1.5, while a composition having a 1:1 molar ratio oftetramer and trimer would have an EN of 2.5.

In some embodiments, the compositions may comprise a mixture of two ormore estolides having an EN that is an integer or fraction of an integerthat is greater than or equal to 1. In some embodiments, the EN may bean integer or fraction of an integer selected from about 1.0 to about5.0. In some embodiments, the EN is an integer or fraction of an integerselected from 1.2 to about 4.5. In some embodiments, the estolidecompounds described herein will be in there trimer form or larger,wherein the EN is greater than or equal to 2. Thus, in some embodiments,the EN is selected from an integer or fraction of an integer that isfrom about 2.0 to about 3.0, or from about 2.2 to about 2.8. In someembodiments, the EN is selected from a value greater than 1.0, 1.2, 1.4,1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2,4.4, 4.6, 4.8, and 5.0. In some embodiments, the EN is selected from avalue less than 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2,3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, and 5.0. In some embodiments,the EN is selected from 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8,3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6,5.8, and 6.0.

As noted above, it should be understood that the chains of the estolidecompounds may be independently optionally substituted, wherein one ormore hydrogens are removed and replaced with one or more of thesubstituents identified herein. Similarly, two or more of the hydrogenresidues may be removed to provide one or more sites of unsaturation,such as a cis or trans double bond. Further, the chains may optionallycomprise branched hydrocarbon residues. In some embodiments theestolides described herein may comprise at least one compound of FormulaII:

-   -   wherein    -   n is an integer greater than or equal to 1;    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl        that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;        and    -   R₃ and R₄, independently for each occurrence, are selected from        optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated,        and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, n is an integer selected from 1 to 20. In someembodiments, n is an integer selected from 1 to 12. In some embodiments,n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20. In some embodiments, one or more R₃differs from one or more other R₃ in a compound of Formula II. In someembodiments, one or more R₃ differs from R₄ in a compound of Formula II.In some embodiments, if the compounds of Formula II are prepared fromone or more polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is possible that one or moreof R₃ and R₄ will have one or more sites of unsaturation. In someembodiments, if the compounds of Formula II are prepared from one ormore branched fatty acids, it is possible that one or more of R₃ and R₄will be branched.

In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ can be CH₃(CH₂)_(y)CH(CH₂)_(x)—, where xis, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, andy is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20.Where both R₃ and R₄ are CH₃(CH₂)_(y)CH(CH₂)_(x)—, the compounds may becompounds according to Formula I and III.

Without being bound to any particular theory, in certain embodiments,altering the EN produces estolides having desired viscometric propertieswhile substantially retaining or even reducing pour point. For example,in some embodiments estolides exhibit a decreased pour point uponincreasing the EN value. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, a methodis provided for retaining or decreasing the pour point of an estolidebase oil by increasing the EN of the base oil, or a method is providedfor retaining or decreasing the pour point of a composition comprisingan estolide base oil by increasing the EN of the base oil. In someembodiments, the method comprises: selecting an estolide base oil havingan initial EN and an initial pour point; and removing at least a portionof the base oil, said portion exhibiting an EN that is less than theinitial EN of the base oil, wherein the resulting estolide base oilexhibits an EN that is greater than the initial EN of the base oil, anda pour point that is equal to or lower than the initial pour point ofthe base oil. In some embodiments, the selected estolide base oil isprepared by oligomerizing at least one first unsaturated fatty acid withat least one second unsaturated fatty acid and/or saturated fatty acid.In some embodiments, the removing at least a portion of the base oil isaccomplished by distillation, chromatography, membrane separation, phaseseparation, affinity separation, solvent extraction, or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the distillation takes place at atemperature and/or pressure that is suitable to separate the estolidebase oil into different “cuts” that individually exhibit different ENvalues. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished by subjecting thebase oil to a temperature of at least about 250° C. and an absolutepressure of no greater than about 25 microns. In some embodiments, thedistillation takes place at a temperature range of about 250° C. toabout 310° C. and an absolute pressure range of about 10 microns toabout 25 microns.

Typically, base stocks and lubricant compositions exhibit certainlubricity, viscosity, and/or pour point characteristics. For example, incertain embodiments, suitable viscosity characteristics of the base oilmay range from about 10 cSt to about 250 cSt at 40° C., and/or about 3cSt to about 30 cSt at 100° C. In some embodiments, the estolide basestocks may exhibit viscosities within a range from about 50 cSt to about150 cSt at 40° C., and/or about 10 cSt to about 20 cSt at 100° C.

In some embodiments, estolide compounds and compositions may exhibitviscosities less than about 55 cSt at 40° C. or less than about 45 cStat 40° C., and/or less than about 12 cSt at 100° C. or less than about10 cSt at 100° C. In some embodiments, estolide compounds andcompositions may exhibit viscosities less than about 40 cSt at 40° C. orless than about 30 cSt at 40° C., and/or less than about 8 cSt at 100°C. or less than about 6 cSt at 100° C. In some embodiments, estolidecompounds and compositions may exhibit viscosities less than about 20cSt at 40° C., and/or less than about 5 cSt at 100° C. In someembodiments, estolide compounds and compositions may exhibit viscositieswithin a range from about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt at 40° C., and/or about3 cSt to about 6 cSt at 100° C. In some embodiments, estolide compoundsand compositions may exhibit viscosities within a range from about 18cSt to about 20 cSt at 40° C., and/or about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt at 100°C. In some embodiments, the estolide compounds and compositions mayexhibit viscosities of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or55 cSt at 40° C. In some embodiments, the estolide compounds andcompositions may exhibit viscosities of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, or 30 cSt at 100° C.

In certain embodiments, estolides may exhibit desirable low-temperaturepour point properties. In some embodiments, estolide compounds andcompositions may exhibit a pour point lower than about −25° C., about−35° C., −40° C., or even about −50° C. In some embodiments, estolideshave a pour point of about −25° C. to about −45° C. In some embodiments,the pour point falls within a range of about −30° C. to about −40° C.,about −34° C. to about −38° C., about −30° C. to about −45° C., about−35° C. to about −45° C., 34° C. to about −42° C., about −38° C. toabout −42° C., or about 36° C. to about −40° C. In some embodiments, thepour point falls within the range of about −27° C. to about −37° C., orabout −30° C. to about −34° C. In some embodiments, the pour point fallswithin the range of about −25° C. to about −35° C., or about −28° C. toabout −32° C. In some embodiments, the pour point falls within the rangeof about −28° C. to about −38° C., or about −31° C. to about −35° C. Insome embodiments, the pour point falls within the range of about −31° C.to about −41° C., or about −34° C. to about −38° C. In some embodiments,the pour point falls within the range of about −40° C. to about −50° C.,or about −42° C. to about −48° C. In some embodiments, the pour pointfalls within the range of about −50° C. to about −60° C., or about −52°C. to about −58° C. In some embodiments, the upper bound of the pourpoint is less than about −35° C., about −36° C., about −37° C., about−38° C., about −39° C., about −40° C., about −41° C., about −42° C.,about −43° C., about −44° C., or about −45° C. In some embodiments, thelower bound of the pour point is greater than about −70° C., about −69°C., about −68° C., about −67° C., about −66° C., about −65° C., about−64° C., about −63° C., about −62° C., about −61° C., about −60° C.,about −59° C., about −58° C., about −57° C., about −56° C., about −55°C., about −54° C., about −53° C., about −52° C., −51, about −50° C.,about −49° C., about −48° C., about −47° C., about −46° C., or about−45° C.

In addition, in certain embodiments, estolides may exhibit decreasedIodine Values (IV) when compared to estolides prepared by other methods.IV is a measure of the degree of total unsaturation of an oil, and isdetermined by measuring the amount of iodine per gram of estolide(cg/g). In certain instances, oils having a higher degree ofunsaturation may be more susceptible to creating corrosiveness anddeposits, and may exhibit lower levels of oxidative stability. Compoundshaving a higher degree of unsaturation will have more points ofunsaturation for iodine to react with, resulting in a higher IV. Thus,in certain embodiments, it may be desirable to reduce the IV ofestolides in an effort to increase the oil's oxidative stability, whilealso decreasing harmful deposits and the corrosiveness of the oil.

In some embodiments, estolides have an IV of less than about 40 cg/g orless than about 35 cg/g. In some embodiments, estolides have an IV ofless than about 30 cg/g, less than about 25 cg/g, less than about 20cg/g, less than about 15 cg/g, less than about 10 cg/g, or less thanabout 5 cg/g. The IV of an estolide may be reduced by decreasing theestolide's degree of unsaturation. In certain embodiments, this may beaccomplished by, for example, increasing the amount of saturated cappingmaterials relative to unsaturated capping materials when synthesizingthe estolides. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, IV may be reducedby hydrogenating estolides having unsaturated caps.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 1; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 2; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 3; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 4; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 5; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 6; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 7; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₇ alkyl; n is 8; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 1; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 2; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 3; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 4; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 5; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 6; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 7; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₂₁ alkyl; n is 8; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 1; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 2; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 3; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 4; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 5; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 6; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 7; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₅ alkyl; n is 8; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 1; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 2; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 3; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 4; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 5; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 6; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 7; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

In some embodiments, estolides comprise at least one compound of FormulaII, wherein: one or more of R₃ and R₄ are selected from a saturated andunbranched C₁₉ alkyl; n is 8; and R₂ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₄₀alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.

The present disclosure further relates to methods of making estolidesaccording to Formula I, II, and III. By way of example, the reaction ofan unsaturated fatty acid with acetic acid and the esterification of theresulting free acid estolide are illustrated and discussed in thefollowing Schemes 1 and 2. The particular structural formulas used toillustrate the reactions correspond to those for synthesis of compoundsaccording to Formula I and III; however, the methods apply equally tothe synthesis of compounds according to Formula II, with use ofcompounds having structure corresponding to R₃ and R₄ with a reactivesite of unsaturation.

As illustrated below, compound 100 represents an unsaturated fatty acidthat may serve as the basis for preparing the estolide compoundsdescribed herein.

In Scheme 1, wherein x is, independently for each occurrence, an integerselected from 0 to 20, y is, independently for each occurrence, aninteger selected from 0 to 20, and n is an integer greater than or equalto 1, unsaturated fatty acid 100 may be combined with acetic acid and aproton from a proton source to form free acid estolide 102. Any suitableproton source may be implemented to catalyze the formation of free acidestolide 102, including but not limited to homogenous acids and/orstrong acids like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid,nitric acid, triflic acid, and the like. In certain embodiments, freeacid estolides may be esterified to form an ester product using anysuitable method known to those of skill in the art, including but notlimited to homogenous acids and/or strong acids like hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, triflic acid, and the like.

Similarly, in Scheme 2, wherein x is, independently for each occurrence,an integer selected from 0 to 20, y is, independently for eachoccurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 20, and n is an integergreater than or equal to 1, free acid estolide 104 may be esterified byany suitable procedure known to those of skilled in the art, such asacid-catalyzed reduction with alcohol 202, to yield esterified estolide204. Other exemplary methods may include other types of Fischeresterification, such as those using Lewis acid catalysts such as BF₃.

As discussed above, in certain embodiments, the estolides describedherein may have improved properties which render them useful as basestocks for biodegradable lubricant applications. Such applications mayinclude, without limitation, crankcase oils, gearbox oils, hydraulicfluids, drilling fluids, two-cycle engine oils, greases, dielectricfluids, and the like. Other suitable uses may include marineapplications, where biodegradability and toxicity are of concern. Incertain embodiments, the nontoxic nature of certain estolides describedherein may also make them suitable for use as lubricants in the cosmeticand food industries.

In certain embodiments, estolide compounds may meet or exceed one ormore of the specifications for certain end-use applications, without theneed for conventional additives. For example, in certain instances,high-viscosity lubricants, such as those exhibiting a kinematicviscosity of greater than about 120 cSt at 40° C., or even greater thanabout 200 cSt at 40° C., may be desirable for particular applicationssuch as gearbox or wind turbine lubricants. Prior-known lubricants withsuch properties typically also demonstrate an increase in pour point asviscosity increases, such that prior lubricants may not be suitable forsuch applications in colder environments. However, in certainembodiments, the counterintuitive properties of certain compoundsdescribed herein (e.g., increased EN provides estolides with higherviscosities while retaining, or even decreasing, the oil's pour point)may make higher-viscosity estolides particularly suitable for suchspecialized applications.

Similarly, the use of prior-known lubricants in colder environments maygenerally result in an unwanted increase in a lubricant's viscosity.Thus, depending on the application, it may be desirable to uselower-viscosity oils at lower temperatures. In certain circumstances,low-viscosity oils may include those exhibiting a viscosity of lowerthan about 50 cSt at 40° C., or even about 40 cSt at 40° C. Accordingly,in certain embodiments, the low-viscosity estolides described herein mayprovide end users with a suitable alternative to high-viscositylubricants for operation at lower temperatures.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to prepare lubricantcompositions comprising an estolide base stock. For example, in certainembodiments, the estolides described herein may be blended with one ormore additives selected from polyalphaolefins, synthetic esters,polyalkylene glycols, mineral oils (Groups I, II, and III), pour pointdepressants, viscosity modifiers, anti-corrosives, antiwear agents,detergents, dispersants, colorants, antifoaming agents, anddemulsifiers. In addition, or in the alternative, in certainembodiments, the estolides described herein may be co-blended with oneor more synthetic or petroleum-based oils to achieve the desiredviscosity and/or pour point profiles. In certain embodiments, certainestolides described herein also mix well with gasoline, so that they maybe useful as fuel components or additives.

In all of the foregoing examples, the compounds described may be usefulalone, as mixtures, or in combination with other compounds,compositions, and/or materials.

Methods for obtaining the novel compounds described herein will beapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, suitable proceduresbeing described, for example, in the examples below, and in thereferences cited herein.

EXAMPLES Analytics

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: NMR spectra were collected using a BrukerAvance 500 spectrometer with an absolute frequency of 500.113 MHz at 300K using CDCl₃ as the solvent. Chemical shifts were reported as parts permillion from tetramethylsilane. The formation of a secondary ester linkbetween fatty acids, indicating the formation of estolide, was verifiedwith ¹H NMR by a peak at about 4.84 ppm.

Estolide Number (EN): The EN was measured by GC analysis. It should beunderstood that the EN of a composition specifically refers to ENcharacteristics of any estolide compounds present in the composition.Accordingly, an estolide composition having a particular EN may alsocomprise other components, such as natural or synthetic additives, othernon-estolide base oils, fatty acid esters, e.g., triglycerides, and/orfatty acids, but the EN as used herein, unless otherwise indicated,refers to the value for the estolide fraction of the estolidecomposition.

Iodine Value (IV): The iodine value is a measure of the degree of totalunsaturation of an oil. IV is expressed in terms of centigrams of iodineabsorbed per gram of oil sample. Therefore, the higher the iodine valueof an oil the higher the level of unsaturation is of that oil. The IVmay be measured and/or estimated by GC analysis. Where a compositionincludes unsaturated compounds other than estolides as set forth inFormula I, II, and III, the estolides can be separated from otherunsaturated compounds present in the composition prior to measuring theiodine value of the constituent estolides. For example, if a compositionincludes unsaturated fatty acids or triglycerides comprising unsaturatedfatty acids, these can be separated from the estolides present in thecomposition prior to measuring the iodine value for the one or moreestolides.

Acid Value: The acid value is a measure of the total acid present in anoil. Acid value may be determined by any suitable titration method knownto those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, acid values may bedetermined by the amount of KOH that is required to neutralize a givensample of oil, and thus may be expressed in terms of mg KOH/g of oil.

Gas Chromatography (GC): GC analysis was performed to evaluate theestolide number (EN) and iodine value (IV) of the estolides. Thisanalysis was performed using an Agilent 6890N series gas chromatographequipped with a flame-ionization detector and an autosampler/injectoralong with an SP-2380 30 m×0.25 mm i.d. column.

The parameters of the analysis were as follows: column flow at 1.0mL/min with a helium head pressure of 14.99 psi; split ratio of 50:1;programmed ramp of 120-135° C. at 20° C./min, 135-265° C. at 7° C./min,hold for 5 min at 265° C.; injector and detector temperatures set at250° C.

Measuring EN and IV by GC: To perform these analyses, the fatty acidcomponents of an estolide sample were reacted with MeOH to form fattyacid methyl esters by a method that left behind a hydroxy group at siteswhere estolide links were once present. Standards of fatty acid methylesters were first analyzed to establish elution times.

Sample Preparation: To prepare the samples, 10 mg of estolide wascombined with 0.5 mL of 0.5M KOH/MeOH in a vial and heated at 100° C.for 1 hour. This was followed by the addition of 1.5 mL of 1.0 MH₂SO₄/MeOH and heated at 100° C. for 15 minutes and then allowed to coolto room temperature. One (1) mL of H₂O and 1 mL of hexane were thenadded to the vial and the resulting liquid phases were mixed thoroughly.The layers were then allowed to phase separate for 1 minute. The bottomH₂O layer was removed and discarded. A small amount of drying agent(Na₂SO₄ anhydrous) was then added to the organic layer after which theorganic layer was then transferred to a 2 mL crimp cap vial andanalyzed.

EN Calculation: The EN is measured as the percent hydroxy fatty acidsdivided by the percent non-hydroxy fatty acids. As an example, a dimerestolide would result in half of the fatty acids containing a hydroxyfunctional group, with the other half lacking a hydroxyl functionalgroup. Therefore, the EN would be 50% hydroxy fatty acids divided by 50%non-hydroxy fatty acids, resulting in an EN value of 1 that correspondsto the single estolide link between the capping fatty acid and basefatty acid of the dimer.

IV Calculation: The iodine value is estimated by the following equationbased on ASTM Method D97 (ASTM International, Conshohocken, Pa.):

${IV} = {\sum{100 \times \frac{A_{f} \times {MW}_{I} \times {db}}{{MW}_{f}}}}$

-   -   A_(f)=fraction of fatty compound in the sample    -   MW_(I)=253.81, atomic weight of two iodine atoms added to a        double bond    -   db=number of double bonds on the fatty compound    -   MW_(f)=molecular weight of the fatty compound

The properties of exemplary estolide compounds and compositionsdescribed herein are identified in Tables 1-4.

Other Measurements: Except as otherwise described, pour point ismeasured by ASTM Method D97-96a, cloud point is measured by ASTM MethodD2500, viscosity/kinematic viscosity is measured by ASTM Method D445-97,viscosity index is measured by ASTM Method D2270-93 (Reapproved 1998),specific gravity is measured by ASTM Method D4052, flash point ismeasured by ASTM Method D92, evaporative loss is measured by ASTM MethodD5800, vapor pressure is measured by ASTM Method D5191, and acuteaqueous toxicity is measured by Organization of Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) 203.

Example 1

The acid catalyst reaction was conducted in a 50 gallon PfaudlerRT-Series glass-lined reactor. Oleic acid (65 Kg, OL 700, Twin Rivers)was added to the reactor with 70% perchloric acid (992.3 mL, AldrichCat#244252) and heated to 60° C. in vacuo (10 torr abs) for 24 hrs whilecontinuously being agitated. After 24 hours the vacuum was released.2-Ethylhexanol (29.97 Kg) was then added to the reactor and the vacuumwas restored. The reaction was allowed to continue under the sameconditions (60° C., 10 torr abs) for 4 more hours. At which time, KOH(645.58 g) was dissolved in 90% ethanol/water (5000 mL, 90% EtOH byvolume) and added to the reactor to quench the acid. The solution wasthen allowed to cool for approximately 30 minutes. The contents of thereactor were then pumped through a 1 micron (μ) filter into anaccumulator to filter out the salts. Water was then added to theaccumulator to wash the oil. The two liquid phases were thoroughly mixedtogether for approximately 1 hour. The solution was then allowed tophase separate for approximately 30 minutes. The water layer was drainedand disposed of. The organic layer was again pumped through a 1μ filterback into the reactor. The reactor was heated to 60° C. in vacuo (10 tonabs) until all ethanol and water ceased to distill from solution. Thereactor was then heated to 100° C. in vacuo (10 torr abs) and thattemperature was maintained until the 2-ethylhexanol ceased to distillfrom solution. The remaining material was then distilled using a Myers15 Centrifugal Distillation still at 200° C. under an absolute pressureof approximately 12 microns (0.012 torr) to remove all monoestermaterial leaving behind estolides.

Example 2

The acid catalyst reaction was conducted in a glass reaction vessel.Oleic acid (1 equiv., OL 700, Twin Rivers) was added to the vessel with70% perchloric acid (Aldrich Cat#244252) and acetic acid (2 equiv.), andheated to 60° C. in vacuo (10 torr abs) for 24 hrs while continuouslybeing agitated. After 24 hours the vacuum was released. 2-Ethylhexanol(2-EH) (1 equiv.) was then added to the reactor and the vacuum wasrestored. The reaction was allowed to continue under the same conditions(60° C., 10 torr abs) for 4 more hours. At which time, KOH (1.2 equiv.)was dissolved in 90% ethanol/water (9:1) and added to the vessel toquench the acid. The solution was then allowed to cool for approximately30 minutes. The contents of the reactor were then pumped through a 1μfilter into an accumulator to filter out the salts. Water was then addedto the accumulator to wash the oil. The two liquid phases werethoroughly mixed together for approximately 1 hour. The solution wasthen allowed to phase separate for approximately 30 minutes. The waterlayer was drained and disposed of. The organic layer was again pumpedthrough a 1μ filter back into the vessel. The vessel was heated to 60°C. in vacuo (10 torr abs) until all ethanol and water ceased to distillfrom solution. The reactor was then heated to 100° C. in vacuo (10 torrabs) and that temperature was maintained until the 2-ethylhexanol ceasedto distill from solution. The remaining material was then distilledusing a Kugelrohr still at 110° C. under an absolute pressure in vacuo(10 torr abs) for 3 hrs, and then at 110° C. under an absolute pressurein vacuo (10 torr abs) for 3 hrs, to collect the distillates andresidues. The properties of resulting products are set forth below:

Acid Value HClO₄ Pour Point Cloud Point Visc. Visc. Visc. (mg Gardnerequiv. (° C.) (° C.) (40° C.) (100° C.) Index KOH/g) Color 1 0.05 −15−15 112.7 16.8 162 3.82 16 2 0.017 −39 −39 102 15.8 165 7.98 14  3*0.017 −40 — 19.9 4.8 174 0.95 — 4 0.05 −42 <−42 79.1 12.5 156 4.47  15+*Starting material comprised estolide product of Example 2 (1 equiv.)re-esterified with BF₃•OEt₂ (0.15 equiv.) and 2-EH (1 equiv.) in areaction vessel equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and heated to 80° C. invacuo (10 torr abs) for 12 hours.

Example 3

Estolides according to Formula I, II, and III are prepared in a mannersubstantially similar to those set forth in Example 2, except the2-ethylhexanol esterifying alcohol is replaced with various alcohols,including those identified below.

Alcohol Structure Jarcol ™ I-18CG iso-octadecanol Jarcol ™ I-122-butyloctanol Jarcol ™ I-20 2-octyldodecanol Jarcol ™ I-162-hexyldecanol Jarcol ™ 85BJ cis-9-octadecen-1-ol Fineoxocol ® 180

Jarcol ™ I-18T 2-octyldecanol

Example 4

Estolides of Formula I, II, and III are prepared in a mannersubstantially similar to those set forth in Example 2, except the2-ethylhexanol esterifying alcohol is replaced with various alcohols,including those set forth below, which may be saturated or unsaturatedand unbranched or substituted with one or more alkyl groups selectedfrom methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and the like,to form a branched or unbranched residue at the R₂ position:

Alcohol R₂ Substituents C₁ alkanol methyl C₂ alkanol ethyl C₃ alkanoln-propyl, isopropyl C₄ alkanol n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl C₅ alkanoln-pentyl, isopentyl neopentyl C₆ alkanol n-hexyl, 2-methyl pentyl, 3-methyl pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl butyl, 2,3-dimethyl butyl C₇ alkanoln-heptyl and other structural isomers C₈ alkanol n-octyl and otherstructural isomers C₉ alkanol n-nonyl and other structural isomers C₁₀alkanol n-decanyl and other structural isomers C₁₁ alkanol n-undecanyland other structural isomers C₁₂ alkanol n-dodecanyl and otherstructural isomers C₁₃ alkanol n-tridecanyl and other structural isomersC₁₄ alkanol n-tetradecanyl and other structural isomers C₁₅ alkanoln-pentadecanyl and other structural isomers C₁₆ alkanol n-hexadecanyland other structural isomers C₁₇ alkanol n-heptadecanyl and otherstructural isomers C₁₈ alkanol n-octadecanyl and other structuralisomers C₁₉ alkanol n-nonadecanyl and other structural isomers C₂₀alkanol n-icosanyl and other structural isomers C₂₁ alkanoln-heneicosanyl and other structural isomers C₂₂ alkanol n-docosanyl andother structural isomers

Example 5

“Ready” and “ultimate” biodegradability of the estolide produced inExample 1 was tested according to standard OECD procedures. Results ofthe OECD biodegradability studies are set forth below:

301D 28-Day 302D Assay (% degraded) (% degraded) Canola Oil 86.9 78.9Ex. 1 64.0 70.9 Base Stock

Example 6

The Ex. 1 estolide base stock was tested under OECD 203 for AcuteAquatic Toxicity. The tests showed that the estolides are nontoxic, asno deaths were reported for concentration ranges of 5,000 mg/L and50,000 mg/L.

1. A composition comprising at least one compound of Formula I:

wherein x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selectedfrom 0 to 20; y is, independently for each occurrence, an integerselected from 0 to 20; n is an integer selected from 1 to 12; and R₂ isselected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that issaturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; wherein each fattyacid chain residue of said at least one compound is independentlyoptionally substituted.
 2. The composition according to claim 1, whereinx is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 1 to10; y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 1to 10; n is an integer selected from 1 to 8; and R₂ is optionallysubstituted C₁ to C₂₂ alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, andbranched or unbranched, wherein each fatty acid chain residue isunsubstituted.
 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein x+y is,independently for each fatty acid chain residue, an integer selectedfrom 13 to 15; and n is an integer selected from 1 to
 6. 4. Thecomposition according to claim 1, wherein x+y for one or more fatty acidchain residues of one or more compounds of Formula I is
 15. 5. Thecomposition according to claim 1, where x+y for one or more fatty acidchain residues differs from x+y for one or more other fatty acid chainresidues in a compound of formula I.
 6. The composition according toclaim 1, wherein R₂ is a branched or unbranched C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl that issaturated or unsaturated.
 7. The composition according to claim 6,wherein R₂ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl,tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl,nonadecanyl, and icosanyl, which are saturated or unsaturated andbranched or unbranched.
 8. The composition according to claim 1, whereinR₂ is selected from C₆ to C₁₂ alkyl.
 9. The composition according toclaim 8, wherein R₂ is 2-ethylhexyl.
 10. The composition according toclaim 1, wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl that issaturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched.
 11. Thecomposition according to claim 1, wherein R₂ is optionally substitutedC₃ to C₂₀ alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched orunbranched.
 12. The composition according to claim 1, wherein R₂ is abranched or unbranched C₃ to C₂₀ alkyl that is saturated andunsubstituted.
 13. The composition according to claim 1, wherein saidcomposition has an EN selected from an integer or fraction of an integerthat is equal to or greater than 2, wherein the EN is the average numberof estolide linkages in compounds according to Formula I, a kinematicviscosity equal to or less than 5 cSt when measured at 100° C. and/orequal to or less than 20 cSt when measured at 40° C., and a pour pointequal to or lower than −36° C.
 14. The composition according to claim 1,wherein said composition has an EN that is an integer or fraction of aninteger selected from 2 to 3, wherein the EN is the average number ofestolide linkages in compounds according to Formula I.
 15. Thecomposition according to claim 1, wherein said composition has akinematic viscosity within a range from 18 cSt to 20 cSt at 40° C.,and/or 4 cSt to 5 cSt at 100° C.
 16. The composition according to claim1, wherein said composition exhibits a pour point of −38° C. to −42° C.17. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said compositioncomprises two or more compounds of Formula I.
 18. The compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein said composition consists essentially oftwo or more compounds of Formula I. 19-51. (canceled)